Linux server1.hosting4iran.com 4.18.0-553.123.2.el8_10.x86_64 #1 SMP Thu May 7 15:28:41 EDT 2026 x86_64
LiteSpeed
Server IP : 185.208.174.156 & Your IP : 216.73.216.74
Domains : 326 Domain
User : satitravel
Terminal
Auto Root
Create File
Create Folder
Localroot Suggester
Backdoor Destroyer
Readme
/
usr /
share /
doc /
python3-docs /
html /
library /
Delete
Unzip
Name
Size
Permission
Date
Action
2to3.html
60.26
KB
-rw-r--r--
2023-12-18 11:36
__future__.html
15.42
KB
-rw-r--r--
2023-12-18 11:36
__main__.html
8.81
KB
-rw-r--r--
2023-12-18 11:36
_dummy_thread.html
8.98
KB
-rw-r--r--
2023-12-18 11:36
_thread.html
22.06
KB
-rw-r--r--
2023-12-18 11:36
abc.html
40.42
KB
-rw-r--r--
2023-12-18 11:36
aifc.html
27.46
KB
-rw-r--r--
2023-12-18 11:36
allos.html
31.48
KB
-rw-r--r--
2023-12-18 11:36
archiving.html
11.71
KB
-rw-r--r--
2023-12-18 11:36
argparse.html
268.54
KB
-rw-r--r--
2023-12-18 11:36
array.html
32.76
KB
-rw-r--r--
2023-12-18 11:36
ast.html
38.67
KB
-rw-r--r--
2023-12-18 11:36
asynchat.html
31.78
KB
-rw-r--r--
2023-12-18 11:36
asyncio-dev.html
50.65
KB
-rw-r--r--
2023-12-18 11:36
asyncio-eventloop.html
108.61
KB
-rw-r--r--
2023-12-18 11:36
asyncio-eventloops.html
32.25
KB
-rw-r--r--
2023-12-18 11:36
asyncio-protocol.html
85.38
KB
-rw-r--r--
2023-12-18 11:36
asyncio-queue.html
23.4
KB
-rw-r--r--
2023-12-18 11:36
asyncio-stream.html
59.58
KB
-rw-r--r--
2023-12-18 11:36
asyncio-subprocess.html
56.66
KB
-rw-r--r--
2023-12-18 11:36
asyncio-sync.html
34.84
KB
-rw-r--r--
2023-12-18 11:36
asyncio-task.html
82
KB
-rw-r--r--
2023-12-18 11:36
asyncio.html
27.37
KB
-rw-r--r--
2023-12-18 11:36
asyncore.html
41.71
KB
-rw-r--r--
2023-12-18 11:36
atexit.html
18
KB
-rw-r--r--
2023-12-18 11:36
audioop.html
34.61
KB
-rw-r--r--
2023-12-18 11:36
base64.html
35.6
KB
-rw-r--r--
2023-12-18 11:36
bdb.html
42.41
KB
-rw-r--r--
2023-12-18 11:36
binary.html
12.42
KB
-rw-r--r--
2023-12-18 11:36
binascii.html
24.17
KB
-rw-r--r--
2023-12-18 11:36
binhex.html
11.4
KB
-rw-r--r--
2023-12-18 11:36
bisect.html
25
KB
-rw-r--r--
2023-12-18 11:36
builtins.html
11.33
KB
-rw-r--r--
2023-12-18 11:36
bz2.html
32.58
KB
-rw-r--r--
2023-12-18 11:36
calendar.html
38.61
KB
-rw-r--r--
2023-12-18 11:36
cgi.html
54.57
KB
-rw-r--r--
2023-12-18 11:36
cgitb.html
12.47
KB
-rw-r--r--
2023-12-18 11:36
chunk.html
16.48
KB
-rw-r--r--
2023-12-18 11:36
cmath.html
33.37
KB
-rw-r--r--
2023-12-18 11:36
cmd.html
42.78
KB
-rw-r--r--
2023-12-18 11:36
code.html
27.23
KB
-rw-r--r--
2023-12-18 11:36
codecs.html
130.93
KB
-rw-r--r--
2023-12-18 11:36
codeop.html
13.97
KB
-rw-r--r--
2023-12-18 11:36
collections.abc.html
59.48
KB
-rw-r--r--
2023-12-18 11:36
collections.html
151.31
KB
-rw-r--r--
2023-12-18 11:36
colorsys.html
12.33
KB
-rw-r--r--
2023-12-18 11:36
compileall.html
27.6
KB
-rw-r--r--
2023-12-18 11:36
concurrency.html
20.71
KB
-rw-r--r--
2023-12-18 11:36
concurrent.futures.html
59.24
KB
-rw-r--r--
2023-12-18 11:36
concurrent.html
7.77
KB
-rw-r--r--
2023-12-18 11:36
configparser.html
137.75
KB
-rw-r--r--
2023-12-18 11:36
constants.html
17.09
KB
-rw-r--r--
2023-12-18 11:36
contextlib.html
86.72
KB
-rw-r--r--
2023-12-18 11:36
copy.html
13.52
KB
-rw-r--r--
2023-12-18 11:36
copyreg.html
14.38
KB
-rw-r--r--
2023-12-18 11:36
crypt.html
19.85
KB
-rw-r--r--
2023-12-18 11:36
crypto.html
10.66
KB
-rw-r--r--
2023-12-18 11:36
csv.html
67.42
KB
-rw-r--r--
2023-12-18 11:36
ctypes.html
258.33
KB
-rw-r--r--
2023-12-18 11:36
curses.ascii.html
24.61
KB
-rw-r--r--
2023-12-18 11:36
curses.html
171.44
KB
-rw-r--r--
2023-12-18 11:36
curses.panel.html
16.31
KB
-rw-r--r--
2023-12-18 11:36
custominterp.html
8.53
KB
-rw-r--r--
2023-12-18 11:36
datatypes.html
23.39
KB
-rw-r--r--
2023-12-18 11:36
datetime.html
299.25
KB
-rw-r--r--
2023-12-18 11:36
dbm.html
42.11
KB
-rw-r--r--
2023-12-18 11:36
debug.html
13.66
KB
-rw-r--r--
2023-12-18 11:36
decimal.html
228.01
KB
-rw-r--r--
2023-12-18 11:36
development.html
24.53
KB
-rw-r--r--
2023-12-18 11:36
difflib.html
93.9
KB
-rw-r--r--
2023-12-18 11:36
dis.html
103.7
KB
-rw-r--r--
2023-12-18 11:36
distribution.html
10.26
KB
-rw-r--r--
2023-12-18 11:36
distutils.html
10.63
KB
-rw-r--r--
2023-12-18 11:36
doctest.html
175.54
KB
-rw-r--r--
2023-12-18 11:36
dummy_threading.html
9.1
KB
-rw-r--r--
2023-12-18 11:36
email.charset.html
25.81
KB
-rw-r--r--
2023-12-18 11:36
email.compat32-message.html
84.13
KB
-rw-r--r--
2023-12-18 11:36
email.contentmanager.html
29.32
KB
-rw-r--r--
2023-12-18 11:36
email.encoders.html
13.92
KB
-rw-r--r--
2023-12-18 11:36
email.errors.html
19.24
KB
-rw-r--r--
2023-12-18 11:36
email.examples.html
56.52
KB
-rw-r--r--
2023-12-18 11:36
email.generator.html
40.82
KB
-rw-r--r--
2023-12-18 11:36
email.header.html
30.49
KB
-rw-r--r--
2023-12-18 11:36
email.headerregistry.html
56.32
KB
-rw-r--r--
2023-12-18 11:36
email.html
27.09
KB
-rw-r--r--
2023-12-18 11:36
email.iterators.html
13.21
KB
-rw-r--r--
2023-12-18 11:36
email.message.html
85.17
KB
-rw-r--r--
2023-12-18 11:36
email.mime.html
35.24
KB
-rw-r--r--
2023-12-18 11:36
email.parser.html
46.32
KB
-rw-r--r--
2023-12-18 11:36
email.policy.html
73.48
KB
-rw-r--r--
2023-12-18 11:36
email.util.html
33.06
KB
-rw-r--r--
2023-12-18 11:36
ensurepip.html
18.26
KB
-rw-r--r--
2023-12-18 11:36
enum.html
130.81
KB
-rw-r--r--
2023-12-18 11:36
errno.html
40.36
KB
-rw-r--r--
2023-12-18 11:36
exceptions.html
83.16
KB
-rw-r--r--
2023-12-18 11:36
faulthandler.html
22.85
KB
-rw-r--r--
2023-12-18 11:36
fcntl.html
26.68
KB
-rw-r--r--
2023-12-18 11:36
filecmp.html
24.45
KB
-rw-r--r--
2023-12-18 11:36
fileformats.html
10.87
KB
-rw-r--r--
2023-12-18 11:36
fileinput.html
29.33
KB
-rw-r--r--
2023-12-18 11:36
filesys.html
13.1
KB
-rw-r--r--
2023-12-18 11:36
fnmatch.html
16.59
KB
-rw-r--r--
2023-12-18 11:36
formatter.html
36.78
KB
-rw-r--r--
2023-12-18 11:36
fpectl.html
17.13
KB
-rw-r--r--
2023-12-18 11:36
fractions.html
29.22
KB
-rw-r--r--
2023-12-18 11:36
frameworks.html
13.16
KB
-rw-r--r--
2023-12-18 11:36
ftplib.html
53.15
KB
-rw-r--r--
2023-12-18 11:36
functional.html
8.79
KB
-rw-r--r--
2023-12-18 11:36
functions.html
196.76
KB
-rw-r--r--
2023-12-18 11:36
functools.html
63.43
KB
-rw-r--r--
2023-12-18 11:36
gc.html
28.83
KB
-rw-r--r--
2023-12-18 11:36
getopt.html
24.76
KB
-rw-r--r--
2023-12-18 11:36
getpass.html
11.78
KB
-rw-r--r--
2023-12-18 11:36
gettext.html
74.84
KB
-rw-r--r--
2023-12-18 11:36
glob.html
18
KB
-rw-r--r--
2023-12-18 11:36
grp.html
12.09
KB
-rw-r--r--
2023-12-18 11:36
gzip.html
31.9
KB
-rw-r--r--
2023-12-18 11:36
hashlib.html
77.69
KB
-rw-r--r--
2023-12-18 11:36
heapq.html
34.7
KB
-rw-r--r--
2023-12-18 11:36
hmac.html
17.41
KB
-rw-r--r--
2023-12-18 11:36
html.entities.html
11.09
KB
-rw-r--r--
2023-12-18 11:36
html.html
10.85
KB
-rw-r--r--
2023-12-18 11:36
html.parser.html
40.86
KB
-rw-r--r--
2023-12-18 11:36
http.client.html
63.72
KB
-rw-r--r--
2023-12-18 11:36
http.cookiejar.html
93.94
KB
-rw-r--r--
2023-12-18 11:36
http.cookies.html
38.41
KB
-rw-r--r--
2023-12-18 11:36
http.html
36.72
KB
-rw-r--r--
2023-12-18 11:36
http.server.html
56.83
KB
-rw-r--r--
2023-12-18 11:36
i18n.html
10.22
KB
-rw-r--r--
2023-12-18 11:36
idle.html
47.28
KB
-rw-r--r--
2023-12-18 11:36
imaplib.html
65.76
KB
-rw-r--r--
2023-12-18 11:36
imghdr.html
13.14
KB
-rw-r--r--
2023-12-18 11:36
imp.html
47.02
KB
-rw-r--r--
2023-12-18 11:36
importlib.html
169.05
KB
-rw-r--r--
2023-12-18 11:36
index.html
66.18
KB
-rw-r--r--
2023-12-18 11:36
inspect.html
127.3
KB
-rw-r--r--
2023-12-18 11:36
internet.html
30.36
KB
-rw-r--r--
2023-12-18 11:36
intro.html
9.67
KB
-rw-r--r--
2023-12-18 11:36
io.html
119.81
KB
-rw-r--r--
2023-12-18 11:36
ipaddress.html
103.39
KB
-rw-r--r--
2023-12-18 11:36
ipc.html
32.95
KB
-rw-r--r--
2023-12-18 11:36
itertools.html
129.71
KB
-rw-r--r--
2023-12-18 11:36
json.html
79.18
KB
-rw-r--r--
2023-12-18 11:36
keyword.html
8.71
KB
-rw-r--r--
2023-12-18 11:36
language.html
13.33
KB
-rw-r--r--
2023-12-18 11:36
linecache.html
13.18
KB
-rw-r--r--
2023-12-18 11:36
locale.html
60.1
KB
-rw-r--r--
2023-12-18 11:36
logging.config.html
83.49
KB
-rw-r--r--
2023-12-18 11:36
logging.handlers.html
109.76
KB
-rw-r--r--
2023-12-18 11:36
logging.html
131.69
KB
-rw-r--r--
2023-12-18 11:36
lzma.html
55.16
KB
-rw-r--r--
2023-12-18 11:36
macpath.html
9.04
KB
-rw-r--r--
2023-12-18 11:36
mailbox.html
153.63
KB
-rw-r--r--
2023-12-18 11:36
mailcap.html
14.33
KB
-rw-r--r--
2023-12-18 11:36
markup.html
18.9
KB
-rw-r--r--
2023-12-18 11:36
marshal.html
17.89
KB
-rw-r--r--
2023-12-18 11:36
math.html
52.4
KB
-rw-r--r--
2023-12-18 11:36
mimetypes.html
30.67
KB
-rw-r--r--
2023-12-18 11:36
misc.html
7.93
KB
-rw-r--r--
2023-12-18 11:36
mm.html
9.79
KB
-rw-r--r--
2023-12-18 11:36
mmap.html
33.49
KB
-rw-r--r--
2023-12-18 11:36
modulefinder.html
18.12
KB
-rw-r--r--
2023-12-18 11:36
modules.html
10.66
KB
-rw-r--r--
2023-12-18 11:36
msilib.html
55.86
KB
-rw-r--r--
2023-12-18 11:36
msvcrt.html
21.47
KB
-rw-r--r--
2023-12-18 11:36
multiprocessing.html
356.92
KB
-rw-r--r--
2023-12-18 11:36
netdata.html
17.06
KB
-rw-r--r--
2023-12-18 11:36
netrc.html
14.23
KB
-rw-r--r--
2023-12-18 11:36
nis.html
11.39
KB
-rw-r--r--
2023-12-18 11:36
nntplib.html
67.97
KB
-rw-r--r--
2023-12-18 11:36
numbers.html
40.46
KB
-rw-r--r--
2023-12-18 11:36
numeric.html
15.17
KB
-rw-r--r--
2023-12-18 11:36
operator.html
79.55
KB
-rw-r--r--
2023-12-18 11:36
optparse.html
244.08
KB
-rw-r--r--
2023-12-18 11:36
os.html
388.71
KB
-rw-r--r--
2023-12-18 11:36
os.path.html
52.56
KB
-rw-r--r--
2023-12-18 11:36
ossaudiodev.html
46.82
KB
-rw-r--r--
2023-12-18 11:36
othergui.html
10.02
KB
-rw-r--r--
2023-12-18 11:36
parser.html
41.41
KB
-rw-r--r--
2023-12-18 11:36
pathlib.html
113.99
KB
-rw-r--r--
2023-12-18 11:36
pdb.html
51.43
KB
-rw-r--r--
2023-12-18 11:36
persistence.html
14.92
KB
-rw-r--r--
2023-12-18 11:36
pickle.html
112.36
KB
-rw-r--r--
2023-12-18 11:36
pickletools.html
16.69
KB
-rw-r--r--
2023-12-18 11:36
pipes.html
15.62
KB
-rw-r--r--
2023-12-18 11:36
pkgutil.html
31.13
KB
-rw-r--r--
2023-12-18 11:36
platform.html
32.94
KB
-rw-r--r--
2023-12-18 11:36
plistlib.html
28.6
KB
-rw-r--r--
2023-12-18 11:36
poplib.html
30.21
KB
-rw-r--r--
2023-12-18 11:36
posix.html
17.2
KB
-rw-r--r--
2023-12-18 11:36
pprint.html
40.99
KB
-rw-r--r--
2023-12-18 11:36
profile.html
70.16
KB
-rw-r--r--
2023-12-18 11:36
pty.html
17.18
KB
-rw-r--r--
2023-12-18 11:36
pwd.html
12.79
KB
-rw-r--r--
2023-12-18 11:36
py_compile.html
15.14
KB
-rw-r--r--
2023-12-18 11:36
pyclbr.html
16.13
KB
-rw-r--r--
2023-12-18 11:36
pydoc.html
15.62
KB
-rw-r--r--
2023-12-18 11:36
pyexpat.html
86.85
KB
-rw-r--r--
2023-12-18 11:36
python.html
16.73
KB
-rw-r--r--
2023-12-18 11:36
queue.html
27.54
KB
-rw-r--r--
2023-12-18 11:36
quopri.html
13.53
KB
-rw-r--r--
2023-12-18 11:36
random.html
59.22
KB
-rw-r--r--
2023-12-18 11:36
re.html
186.7
KB
-rw-r--r--
2023-12-18 11:36
readline.html
41.15
KB
-rw-r--r--
2023-12-18 11:36
reprlib.html
24.38
KB
-rw-r--r--
2023-12-18 11:36
resource.html
35.7
KB
-rw-r--r--
2023-12-18 11:36
rlcompleter.html
14.05
KB
-rw-r--r--
2023-12-18 11:36
runpy.html
25.98
KB
-rw-r--r--
2023-12-18 11:36
sched.html
19.56
KB
-rw-r--r--
2023-12-18 11:36
secrets.html
24.15
KB
-rw-r--r--
2023-12-18 11:36
select.html
61.35
KB
-rw-r--r--
2023-12-18 11:36
selectors.html
35
KB
-rw-r--r--
2023-12-18 11:36
shelve.html
28.1
KB
-rw-r--r--
2023-12-18 11:36
shlex.html
47.83
KB
-rw-r--r--
2023-12-18 11:36
shutil.html
72.47
KB
-rw-r--r--
2023-12-18 11:36
signal.html
53.77
KB
-rw-r--r--
2023-12-18 11:36
site.html
31.49
KB
-rw-r--r--
2023-12-18 11:36
smtpd.html
35.05
KB
-rw-r--r--
2023-12-18 11:36
smtplib.html
66.83
KB
-rw-r--r--
2023-12-18 11:36
sndhdr.html
12.15
KB
-rw-r--r--
2023-12-18 11:36
socket.html
191.48
KB
-rw-r--r--
2023-12-18 11:36
socketserver.html
80
KB
-rw-r--r--
2023-12-18 11:36
spwd.html
12.04
KB
-rw-r--r--
2023-12-18 11:36
sqlite3.html
158.08
KB
-rw-r--r--
2023-12-18 11:36
ssl.html
260.08
KB
-rw-r--r--
2023-12-18 11:36
stat.html
43.67
KB
-rw-r--r--
2023-12-18 11:36
statistics.html
48.88
KB
-rw-r--r--
2023-12-18 11:36
stdtypes.html
454.74
KB
-rw-r--r--
2023-12-18 11:36
string.html
93.03
KB
-rw-r--r--
2023-12-18 11:36
stringprep.html
18.22
KB
-rw-r--r--
2023-12-18 11:36
struct.html
49.9
KB
-rw-r--r--
2023-12-18 11:36
subprocess.html
138.6
KB
-rw-r--r--
2023-12-18 11:36
sunau.html
31.01
KB
-rw-r--r--
2023-12-18 11:36
superseded.html
13.46
KB
-rw-r--r--
2023-12-18 11:36
symbol.html
8.64
KB
-rw-r--r--
2023-12-18 11:36
symtable.html
25.5
KB
-rw-r--r--
2023-12-18 11:36
sys.html
138.35
KB
-rw-r--r--
2023-12-18 11:36
sysconfig.html
29.55
KB
-rw-r--r--
2023-12-18 11:36
syslog.html
20.53
KB
-rw-r--r--
2023-12-18 11:36
tabnanny.html
11.98
KB
-rw-r--r--
2023-12-18 11:36
tarfile.html
94.49
KB
-rw-r--r--
2023-12-18 11:36
telnetlib.html
29.7
KB
-rw-r--r--
2023-12-18 11:36
tempfile.html
40.42
KB
-rw-r--r--
2023-12-18 11:36
termios.html
17.75
KB
-rw-r--r--
2023-12-18 11:36
test.html
76.71
KB
-rw-r--r--
2023-12-18 11:36
text.html
13.46
KB
-rw-r--r--
2023-12-18 11:36
textwrap.html
37.11
KB
-rw-r--r--
2023-12-18 11:36
threading.html
101.04
KB
-rw-r--r--
2023-12-18 11:36
time.html
77.76
KB
-rw-r--r--
2023-12-18 11:36
timeit.html
44.19
KB
-rw-r--r--
2023-12-18 11:36
tk.html
22.75
KB
-rw-r--r--
2023-12-18 11:36
tkinter.html
80.99
KB
-rw-r--r--
2023-12-18 11:36
tkinter.scrolledtext.html
9.72
KB
-rw-r--r--
2023-12-18 11:36
tkinter.tix.html
50.64
KB
-rw-r--r--
2023-12-18 11:36
tkinter.ttk.html
108.08
KB
-rw-r--r--
2023-12-18 11:36
token.html
22.13
KB
-rw-r--r--
2023-12-18 11:36
tokenize.html
31.4
KB
-rw-r--r--
2023-12-18 11:36
trace.html
28.46
KB
-rw-r--r--
2023-12-18 11:36
traceback.html
56.24
KB
-rw-r--r--
2023-12-18 11:36
tracemalloc.html
98.77
KB
-rw-r--r--
2023-12-18 11:36
tty.html
10.29
KB
-rw-r--r--
2023-12-18 11:36
turtle.html
244.5
KB
-rw-r--r--
2023-12-18 11:36
types.html
36.19
KB
-rw-r--r--
2023-12-18 11:36
typing.html
135.91
KB
-rw-r--r--
2023-12-18 11:36
undoc.html
8.97
KB
-rw-r--r--
2023-12-18 11:36
unicodedata.html
20.61
KB
-rw-r--r--
2023-12-18 11:36
unittest.html
244.81
KB
-rw-r--r--
2023-12-18 11:36
unittest.mock-examples.html
164.2
KB
-rw-r--r--
2023-12-18 11:36
unittest.mock.html
293.06
KB
-rw-r--r--
2023-12-18 11:36
unix.html
11.5
KB
-rw-r--r--
2023-12-18 11:36
urllib.error.html
14.13
KB
-rw-r--r--
2023-12-18 11:36
urllib.html
9.34
KB
-rw-r--r--
2023-12-18 11:36
urllib.parse.html
74.54
KB
-rw-r--r--
2023-12-18 11:36
urllib.request.html
173.05
KB
-rw-r--r--
2023-12-18 11:36
urllib.robotparser.html
16.75
KB
-rw-r--r--
2023-12-18 11:36
uu.html
11.92
KB
-rw-r--r--
2023-12-18 11:36
uuid.html
31.21
KB
-rw-r--r--
2023-12-18 11:36
venv.html
72.18
KB
-rw-r--r--
2023-12-18 11:36
warnings.html
49.14
KB
-rw-r--r--
2023-12-18 11:36
wave.html
29.17
KB
-rw-r--r--
2023-12-18 11:36
weakref.html
63.76
KB
-rw-r--r--
2023-12-18 11:36
webbrowser.html
26.27
KB
-rw-r--r--
2023-12-18 11:36
windows.html
10.38
KB
-rw-r--r--
2023-12-18 11:36
winreg.html
65.17
KB
-rw-r--r--
2023-12-18 11:36
winsound.html
20.77
KB
-rw-r--r--
2023-12-18 11:36
wsgiref.html
92.28
KB
-rw-r--r--
2023-12-18 11:36
xdrlib.html
32.96
KB
-rw-r--r--
2023-12-18 11:36
xml.dom.html
95.28
KB
-rw-r--r--
2023-12-18 11:36
xml.dom.minidom.html
40.51
KB
-rw-r--r--
2023-12-18 11:36
xml.dom.pulldom.html
23.65
KB
-rw-r--r--
2023-12-18 11:36
xml.etree.elementtree.html
132.32
KB
-rw-r--r--
2023-12-18 11:36
xml.html
18.81
KB
-rw-r--r--
2023-12-18 11:36
xml.sax.handler.html
41.66
KB
-rw-r--r--
2023-12-18 11:36
xml.sax.html
24.92
KB
-rw-r--r--
2023-12-18 11:36
xml.sax.reader.html
44.79
KB
-rw-r--r--
2023-12-18 11:36
xml.sax.utils.html
16.53
KB
-rw-r--r--
2023-12-18 11:36
xmlrpc.client.html
70.26
KB
-rw-r--r--
2023-12-18 11:36
xmlrpc.html
8.33
KB
-rw-r--r--
2023-12-18 11:36
xmlrpc.server.html
48.04
KB
-rw-r--r--
2023-12-18 11:36
zipapp.html
44.05
KB
-rw-r--r--
2023-12-18 11:36
zipfile.html
78.16
KB
-rw-r--r--
2023-12-18 11:36
zipimport.html
22.51
KB
-rw-r--r--
2023-12-18 11:36
zlib.html
33.75
KB
-rw-r--r--
2023-12-18 11:36
Save
Rename
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"> <html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> <head> <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge" /> <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" /> <title>7.1. struct — Interpret bytes as packed binary data — Python 3.6.7 documentation</title> <link rel="stylesheet" href="../_static/pydoctheme.css" type="text/css" /> <link rel="stylesheet" href="../_static/pygments.css" type="text/css" /> <script type="text/javascript" id="documentation_options" data-url_root="../" src="../_static/documentation_options.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/jquery.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/underscore.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/doctools.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/sidebar.js"></script> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" title="Search within Python 3.6.7 documentation" href="../_static/opensearch.xml"/> <link rel="author" title="About these documents" href="../about.html" /> <link rel="index" title="Index" href="../genindex.html" /> <link rel="search" title="Search" href="../search.html" /> <link rel="copyright" title="Copyright" href="../copyright.html" /> <link rel="next" title="7.2. codecs — Codec registry and base classes" href="codecs.html" /> <link rel="prev" title="7. Binary Data Services" href="binary.html" /> <link rel="shortcut icon" type="image/png" href="../_static/py.png" /> <link rel="canonical" href="https://docs.python.org/3/library/struct.html" /> <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/copybutton.js"></script> </head><body> <div class="related" role="navigation" aria-label="related navigation"> <h3>Navigation</h3> <ul> <li class="right" style="margin-right: 10px"> <a href="../genindex.html" title="General Index" accesskey="I">index</a></li> <li class="right" > <a href="../py-modindex.html" title="Python Module Index" >modules</a> |</li> <li class="right" > <a href="codecs.html" title="7.2. codecs — Codec registry and base classes" accesskey="N">next</a> |</li> <li class="right" > <a href="binary.html" title="7. Binary Data Services" accesskey="P">previous</a> |</li> <li><img src="../_static/py.png" alt="" style="vertical-align: middle; margin-top: -1px"/></li> <li><a href="https://www.python.org/">Python</a> »</li> <li> <a href="../index.html">3.6.7 Documentation</a> » </li> <li class="nav-item nav-item-1"><a href="index.html" >The Python Standard Library</a> »</li> <li class="nav-item nav-item-2"><a href="binary.html" accesskey="U">7. Binary Data Services</a> »</li> <li class="right"> <div class="inline-search" style="display: none" role="search"> <form class="inline-search" action="../search.html" method="get"> <input placeholder="Quick search" type="text" name="q" /> <input type="submit" value="Go" /> <input type="hidden" name="check_keywords" value="yes" /> <input type="hidden" name="area" value="default" /> </form> </div> <script type="text/javascript">$('.inline-search').show(0);</script> | </li> </ul> </div> <div class="document"> <div class="documentwrapper"> <div class="bodywrapper"> <div class="body" role="main"> <div class="section" id="module-struct"> <span id="struct-interpret-bytes-as-packed-binary-data"></span><h1>7.1. <a class="reference internal" href="#module-struct" title="struct: Interpret bytes as packed binary data."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">struct</span></code></a> — Interpret bytes as packed binary data<a class="headerlink" href="#module-struct" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1> <p><strong>Source code:</strong> <a class="reference external" href="https://github.com/python/cpython/tree/3.6/Lib/struct.py">Lib/struct.py</a></p> <hr class="docutils" id="index-0" /> <p>This module performs conversions between Python values and C structs represented as Python <a class="reference internal" href="stdtypes.html#bytes" title="bytes"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">bytes</span></code></a> objects. This can be used in handling binary data stored in files or from network connections, among other sources. It uses <a class="reference internal" href="#struct-format-strings"><span class="std std-ref">Format Strings</span></a> as compact descriptions of the layout of the C structs and the intended conversion to/from Python values.</p> <div class="admonition note"> <p class="first admonition-title">Note</p> <p class="last">By default, the result of packing a given C struct includes pad bytes in order to maintain proper alignment for the C types involved; similarly, alignment is taken into account when unpacking. This behavior is chosen so that the bytes of a packed struct correspond exactly to the layout in memory of the corresponding C struct. To handle platform-independent data formats or omit implicit pad bytes, use <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">standard</span></code> size and alignment instead of <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">native</span></code> size and alignment: see <a class="reference internal" href="#struct-alignment"><span class="std std-ref">Byte Order, Size, and Alignment</span></a> for details.</p> </div> <p>Several <a class="reference internal" href="#module-struct" title="struct: Interpret bytes as packed binary data."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">struct</span></code></a> functions (and methods of <a class="reference internal" href="#struct.Struct" title="struct.Struct"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Struct</span></code></a>) take a <em>buffer</em> argument. This refers to objects that implement the <a class="reference internal" href="../c-api/buffer.html#bufferobjects"><span class="std std-ref">Buffer Protocol</span></a> and provide either a readable or read-writable buffer. The most common types used for that purpose are <a class="reference internal" href="stdtypes.html#bytes" title="bytes"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">bytes</span></code></a> and <a class="reference internal" href="stdtypes.html#bytearray" title="bytearray"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">bytearray</span></code></a>, but many other types that can be viewed as an array of bytes implement the buffer protocol, so that they can be read/filled without additional copying from a <a class="reference internal" href="stdtypes.html#bytes" title="bytes"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">bytes</span></code></a> object.</p> <div class="section" id="functions-and-exceptions"> <h2>7.1.1. Functions and Exceptions<a class="headerlink" href="#functions-and-exceptions" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2> <p>The module defines the following exception and functions:</p> <dl class="exception"> <dt id="struct.error"> <em class="property">exception </em><code class="descclassname">struct.</code><code class="descname">error</code><a class="headerlink" href="#struct.error" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Exception raised on various occasions; argument is a string describing what is wrong.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="function"> <dt id="struct.pack"> <code class="descclassname">struct.</code><code class="descname">pack</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>fmt</em>, <em>v1</em>, <em>v2</em>, <em>...</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#struct.pack" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Return a bytes object containing the values <em>v1</em>, <em>v2</em>, … packed according to the format string <em>fmt</em>. The arguments must match the values required by the format exactly.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="function"> <dt id="struct.pack_into"> <code class="descclassname">struct.</code><code class="descname">pack_into</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>fmt</em>, <em>buffer</em>, <em>offset</em>, <em>v1</em>, <em>v2</em>, <em>...</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#struct.pack_into" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Pack the values <em>v1</em>, <em>v2</em>, … according to the format string <em>fmt</em> and write the packed bytes into the writable buffer <em>buffer</em> starting at position <em>offset</em>. Note that <em>offset</em> is a required argument.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="function"> <dt id="struct.unpack"> <code class="descclassname">struct.</code><code class="descname">unpack</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>fmt</em>, <em>buffer</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#struct.unpack" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Unpack from the buffer <em>buffer</em> (presumably packed by <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">pack(fmt,</span> <span class="pre">...)</span></code>) according to the format string <em>fmt</em>. The result is a tuple even if it contains exactly one item. The buffer’s size in bytes must match the size required by the format, as reflected by <a class="reference internal" href="#struct.calcsize" title="struct.calcsize"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">calcsize()</span></code></a>.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="function"> <dt id="struct.unpack_from"> <code class="descclassname">struct.</code><code class="descname">unpack_from</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>fmt</em>, <em>buffer</em>, <em>offset=0</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#struct.unpack_from" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Unpack from <em>buffer</em> starting at position <em>offset</em>, according to the format string <em>fmt</em>. The result is a tuple even if it contains exactly one item. The buffer’s size in bytes, minus <em>offset</em>, must be at least the size required by the format, as reflected by <a class="reference internal" href="#struct.calcsize" title="struct.calcsize"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">calcsize()</span></code></a>.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="function"> <dt id="struct.iter_unpack"> <code class="descclassname">struct.</code><code class="descname">iter_unpack</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>fmt</em>, <em>buffer</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#struct.iter_unpack" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Iteratively unpack from the buffer <em>buffer</em> according to the format string <em>fmt</em>. This function returns an iterator which will read equally-sized chunks from the buffer until all its contents have been consumed. The buffer’s size in bytes must be a multiple of the size required by the format, as reflected by <a class="reference internal" href="#struct.calcsize" title="struct.calcsize"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">calcsize()</span></code></a>.</p> <p>Each iteration yields a tuple as specified by the format string.</p> <div class="versionadded"> <p><span class="versionmodified">New in version 3.4.</span></p> </div> </dd></dl> <dl class="function"> <dt id="struct.calcsize"> <code class="descclassname">struct.</code><code class="descname">calcsize</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>fmt</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#struct.calcsize" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Return the size of the struct (and hence of the bytes object produced by <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">pack(fmt,</span> <span class="pre">...)</span></code>) corresponding to the format string <em>fmt</em>.</p> </dd></dl> </div> <div class="section" id="format-strings"> <span id="struct-format-strings"></span><h2>7.1.2. Format Strings<a class="headerlink" href="#format-strings" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2> <p>Format strings are the mechanism used to specify the expected layout when packing and unpacking data. They are built up from <a class="reference internal" href="#format-characters"><span class="std std-ref">Format Characters</span></a>, which specify the type of data being packed/unpacked. In addition, there are special characters for controlling the <a class="reference internal" href="#struct-alignment"><span class="std std-ref">Byte Order, Size, and Alignment</span></a>.</p> <div class="section" id="byte-order-size-and-alignment"> <span id="struct-alignment"></span><h3>7.1.2.1. Byte Order, Size, and Alignment<a class="headerlink" href="#byte-order-size-and-alignment" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3> <p>By default, C types are represented in the machine’s native format and byte order, and properly aligned by skipping pad bytes if necessary (according to the rules used by the C compiler).</p> <p>Alternatively, the first character of the format string can be used to indicate the byte order, size and alignment of the packed data, according to the following table:</p> <table border="1" class="docutils"> <colgroup> <col width="20%" /> <col width="43%" /> <col width="18%" /> <col width="20%" /> </colgroup> <thead valign="bottom"> <tr class="row-odd"><th class="head">Character</th> <th class="head">Byte order</th> <th class="head">Size</th> <th class="head">Alignment</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody valign="top"> <tr class="row-even"><td><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">@</span></code></td> <td>native</td> <td>native</td> <td>native</td> </tr> <tr class="row-odd"><td><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">=</span></code></td> <td>native</td> <td>standard</td> <td>none</td> </tr> <tr class="row-even"><td><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre"><</span></code></td> <td>little-endian</td> <td>standard</td> <td>none</td> </tr> <tr class="row-odd"><td><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">></span></code></td> <td>big-endian</td> <td>standard</td> <td>none</td> </tr> <tr class="row-even"><td><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">!</span></code></td> <td>network (= big-endian)</td> <td>standard</td> <td>none</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>If the first character is not one of these, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'@'</span></code> is assumed.</p> <p>Native byte order is big-endian or little-endian, depending on the host system. For example, Intel x86 and AMD64 (x86-64) are little-endian; Motorola 68000 and PowerPC G5 are big-endian; ARM and Intel Itanium feature switchable endianness (bi-endian). Use <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">sys.byteorder</span></code> to check the endianness of your system.</p> <p>Native size and alignment are determined using the C compiler’s <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">sizeof</span></code> expression. This is always combined with native byte order.</p> <p>Standard size depends only on the format character; see the table in the <a class="reference internal" href="#format-characters"><span class="std std-ref">Format Characters</span></a> section.</p> <p>Note the difference between <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'@'</span></code> and <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'='</span></code>: both use native byte order, but the size and alignment of the latter is standardized.</p> <p>The form <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'!'</span></code> is available for those poor souls who claim they can’t remember whether network byte order is big-endian or little-endian.</p> <p>There is no way to indicate non-native byte order (force byte-swapping); use the appropriate choice of <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'<'</span></code> or <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'>'</span></code>.</p> <p>Notes:</p> <ol class="arabic simple"> <li>Padding is only automatically added between successive structure members. No padding is added at the beginning or the end of the encoded struct.</li> <li>No padding is added when using non-native size and alignment, e.g. with ‘<’, ‘>’, ‘=’, and ‘!’.</li> <li>To align the end of a structure to the alignment requirement of a particular type, end the format with the code for that type with a repeat count of zero. See <a class="reference internal" href="#struct-examples"><span class="std std-ref">Examples</span></a>.</li> </ol> </div> <div class="section" id="format-characters"> <span id="id1"></span><h3>7.1.2.2. Format Characters<a class="headerlink" href="#format-characters" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3> <p>Format characters have the following meaning; the conversion between C and Python values should be obvious given their types. The ‘Standard size’ column refers to the size of the packed value in bytes when using standard size; that is, when the format string starts with one of <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'<'</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'>'</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'!'</span></code> or <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'='</span></code>. When using native size, the size of the packed value is platform-dependent.</p> <table border="1" class="docutils"> <colgroup> <col width="10%" /> <col width="32%" /> <col width="24%" /> <col width="20%" /> <col width="15%" /> </colgroup> <thead valign="bottom"> <tr class="row-odd"><th class="head">Format</th> <th class="head">C Type</th> <th class="head">Python type</th> <th class="head">Standard size</th> <th class="head">Notes</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody valign="top"> <tr class="row-even"><td><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">x</span></code></td> <td>pad byte</td> <td>no value</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr class="row-odd"><td><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">c</span></code></td> <td><code class="xref c c-type docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">char</span></code></td> <td>bytes of length 1</td> <td>1</td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr class="row-even"><td><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">b</span></code></td> <td><code class="xref c c-type docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">signed</span> <span class="pre">char</span></code></td> <td>integer</td> <td>1</td> <td>(1),(3)</td> </tr> <tr class="row-odd"><td><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">B</span></code></td> <td><code class="xref c c-type docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">unsigned</span> <span class="pre">char</span></code></td> <td>integer</td> <td>1</td> <td>(3)</td> </tr> <tr class="row-even"><td><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">?</span></code></td> <td><code class="xref c c-type docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">_Bool</span></code></td> <td>bool</td> <td>1</td> <td>(1)</td> </tr> <tr class="row-odd"><td><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">h</span></code></td> <td><code class="xref c c-type docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">short</span></code></td> <td>integer</td> <td>2</td> <td>(3)</td> </tr> <tr class="row-even"><td><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">H</span></code></td> <td><code class="xref c c-type docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">unsigned</span> <span class="pre">short</span></code></td> <td>integer</td> <td>2</td> <td>(3)</td> </tr> <tr class="row-odd"><td><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">i</span></code></td> <td><code class="xref c c-type docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">int</span></code></td> <td>integer</td> <td>4</td> <td>(3)</td> </tr> <tr class="row-even"><td><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">I</span></code></td> <td><code class="xref c c-type docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">unsigned</span> <span class="pre">int</span></code></td> <td>integer</td> <td>4</td> <td>(3)</td> </tr> <tr class="row-odd"><td><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">l</span></code></td> <td><code class="xref c c-type docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">long</span></code></td> <td>integer</td> <td>4</td> <td>(3)</td> </tr> <tr class="row-even"><td><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">L</span></code></td> <td><code class="xref c c-type docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">unsigned</span> <span class="pre">long</span></code></td> <td>integer</td> <td>4</td> <td>(3)</td> </tr> <tr class="row-odd"><td><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">q</span></code></td> <td><code class="xref c c-type docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">long</span> <span class="pre">long</span></code></td> <td>integer</td> <td>8</td> <td>(2), (3)</td> </tr> <tr class="row-even"><td><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Q</span></code></td> <td><code class="xref c c-type docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">unsigned</span> <span class="pre">long</span> <span class="pre">long</span></code></td> <td>integer</td> <td>8</td> <td>(2), (3)</td> </tr> <tr class="row-odd"><td><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">n</span></code></td> <td><code class="xref c c-type docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ssize_t</span></code></td> <td>integer</td> <td> </td> <td>(4)</td> </tr> <tr class="row-even"><td><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">N</span></code></td> <td><code class="xref c c-type docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">size_t</span></code></td> <td>integer</td> <td> </td> <td>(4)</td> </tr> <tr class="row-odd"><td><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">e</span></code></td> <td>(7)</td> <td>float</td> <td>2</td> <td>(5)</td> </tr> <tr class="row-even"><td><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">f</span></code></td> <td><code class="xref c c-type docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">float</span></code></td> <td>float</td> <td>4</td> <td>(5)</td> </tr> <tr class="row-odd"><td><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">d</span></code></td> <td><code class="xref c c-type docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">double</span></code></td> <td>float</td> <td>8</td> <td>(5)</td> </tr> <tr class="row-even"><td><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">s</span></code></td> <td><code class="xref c c-type docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">char[]</span></code></td> <td>bytes</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr class="row-odd"><td><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">p</span></code></td> <td><code class="xref c c-type docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">char[]</span></code></td> <td>bytes</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr class="row-even"><td><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">P</span></code></td> <td><code class="xref c c-type docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">void</span> <span class="pre">*</span></code></td> <td>integer</td> <td> </td> <td>(6)</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <div class="versionchanged"> <p><span class="versionmodified">Changed in version 3.3: </span>Added support for the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'n'</span></code> and <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'N'</span></code> formats.</p> </div> <div class="versionchanged"> <p><span class="versionmodified">Changed in version 3.6: </span>Added support for the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'e'</span></code> format.</p> </div> <p>Notes:</p> <ol class="arabic"> <li><p class="first">The <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'?'</span></code> conversion code corresponds to the <code class="xref c c-type docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">_Bool</span></code> type defined by C99. If this type is not available, it is simulated using a <code class="xref c c-type docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">char</span></code>. In standard mode, it is always represented by one byte.</p> </li> <li><p class="first">The <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'q'</span></code> and <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'Q'</span></code> conversion codes are available in native mode only if the platform C compiler supports C <code class="xref c c-type docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">long</span> <span class="pre">long</span></code>, or, on Windows, <code class="xref c c-type docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">__int64</span></code>. They are always available in standard modes.</p> </li> <li><p class="first">When attempting to pack a non-integer using any of the integer conversion codes, if the non-integer has a <a class="reference internal" href="../reference/datamodel.html#object.__index__" title="object.__index__"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">__index__()</span></code></a> method then that method is called to convert the argument to an integer before packing.</p> <div class="versionchanged"> <p><span class="versionmodified">Changed in version 3.2: </span>Use of the <a class="reference internal" href="../reference/datamodel.html#object.__index__" title="object.__index__"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">__index__()</span></code></a> method for non-integers is new in 3.2.</p> </div> </li> <li><p class="first">The <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'n'</span></code> and <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'N'</span></code> conversion codes are only available for the native size (selected as the default or with the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'@'</span></code> byte order character). For the standard size, you can use whichever of the other integer formats fits your application.</p> </li> <li><p class="first">For the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'f'</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'d'</span></code> and <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'e'</span></code> conversion codes, the packed representation uses the IEEE 754 binary32, binary64 or binary16 format (for <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'f'</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'d'</span></code> or <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'e'</span></code> respectively), regardless of the floating-point format used by the platform.</p> </li> <li><p class="first">The <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'P'</span></code> format character is only available for the native byte ordering (selected as the default or with the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'@'</span></code> byte order character). The byte order character <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'='</span></code> chooses to use little- or big-endian ordering based on the host system. The struct module does not interpret this as native ordering, so the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'P'</span></code> format is not available.</p> </li> <li><p class="first">The IEEE 754 binary16 “half precision” type was introduced in the 2008 revision of the <a class="reference external" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_floating_point#IEEE_754-2008">IEEE 754 standard</a>. It has a sign bit, a 5-bit exponent and 11-bit precision (with 10 bits explicitly stored), and can represent numbers between approximately <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">6.1e-05</span></code> and <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">6.5e+04</span></code> at full precision. This type is not widely supported by C compilers: on a typical machine, an unsigned short can be used for storage, but not for math operations. See the Wikipedia page on the <a class="reference external" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Half-precision_floating-point_format">half-precision floating-point format</a> for more information.</p> </li> </ol> <p>A format character may be preceded by an integral repeat count. For example, the format string <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'4h'</span></code> means exactly the same as <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'hhhh'</span></code>.</p> <p>Whitespace characters between formats are ignored; a count and its format must not contain whitespace though.</p> <p>For the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'s'</span></code> format character, the count is interpreted as the length of the bytes, not a repeat count like for the other format characters; for example, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'10s'</span></code> means a single 10-byte string, while <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'10c'</span></code> means 10 characters. If a count is not given, it defaults to 1. For packing, the string is truncated or padded with null bytes as appropriate to make it fit. For unpacking, the resulting bytes object always has exactly the specified number of bytes. As a special case, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'0s'</span></code> means a single, empty string (while <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'0c'</span></code> means 0 characters).</p> <p>When packing a value <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">x</span></code> using one of the integer formats (<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'b'</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'B'</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'h'</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'H'</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'i'</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'I'</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'l'</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'L'</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'q'</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'Q'</span></code>), if <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">x</span></code> is outside the valid range for that format then <a class="reference internal" href="#struct.error" title="struct.error"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">struct.error</span></code></a> is raised.</p> <div class="versionchanged"> <p><span class="versionmodified">Changed in version 3.1: </span>In 3.0, some of the integer formats wrapped out-of-range values and raised <a class="reference internal" href="exceptions.html#DeprecationWarning" title="DeprecationWarning"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">DeprecationWarning</span></code></a> instead of <a class="reference internal" href="#struct.error" title="struct.error"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">struct.error</span></code></a>.</p> </div> <p>The <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'p'</span></code> format character encodes a “Pascal string”, meaning a short variable-length string stored in a <em>fixed number of bytes</em>, given by the count. The first byte stored is the length of the string, or 255, whichever is smaller. The bytes of the string follow. If the string passed in to <a class="reference internal" href="#struct.pack" title="struct.pack"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">pack()</span></code></a> is too long (longer than the count minus 1), only the leading <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">count-1</span></code> bytes of the string are stored. If the string is shorter than <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">count-1</span></code>, it is padded with null bytes so that exactly count bytes in all are used. Note that for <a class="reference internal" href="#struct.unpack" title="struct.unpack"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">unpack()</span></code></a>, the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'p'</span></code> format character consumes <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">count</span></code> bytes, but that the string returned can never contain more than 255 bytes.</p> <p>For the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'?'</span></code> format character, the return value is either <a class="reference internal" href="constants.html#True" title="True"><code class="xref py py-const docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">True</span></code></a> or <a class="reference internal" href="constants.html#False" title="False"><code class="xref py py-const docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">False</span></code></a>. When packing, the truth value of the argument object is used. Either 0 or 1 in the native or standard bool representation will be packed, and any non-zero value will be <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">True</span></code> when unpacking.</p> </div> <div class="section" id="examples"> <span id="struct-examples"></span><h3>7.1.2.3. Examples<a class="headerlink" href="#examples" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3> <div class="admonition note"> <p class="first admonition-title">Note</p> <p class="last">All examples assume a native byte order, size, and alignment with a big-endian machine.</p> </div> <p>A basic example of packing/unpacking three integers:</p> <div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">struct</span> <span class="k">import</span> <span class="o">*</span> <span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">pack</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'hhl'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="go">b'\x00\x01\x00\x02\x00\x00\x00\x03'</span> <span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">unpack</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'hhl'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="sa">b</span><span class="s1">'</span><span class="se">\x00\x01\x00\x02\x00\x00\x00\x03</span><span class="s1">'</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="go">(1, 2, 3)</span> <span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">calcsize</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'hhl'</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="go">8</span> </pre></div> </div> <p>Unpacked fields can be named by assigning them to variables or by wrapping the result in a named tuple:</p> <div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">record</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="sa">b</span><span class="s1">'raymond </span><span class="se">\x32\x12\x08\x01\x08</span><span class="s1">'</span> <span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">name</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">serialnum</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">school</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">gradelevel</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">unpack</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'<10sHHb'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">record</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">collections</span> <span class="k">import</span> <span class="n">namedtuple</span> <span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">Student</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">namedtuple</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'Student'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">'name serialnum school gradelevel'</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">Student</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">_make</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">unpack</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'<10sHHb'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">record</span><span class="p">))</span> <span class="go">Student(name=b'raymond ', serialnum=4658, school=264, gradelevel=8)</span> </pre></div> </div> <p>The ordering of format characters may have an impact on size since the padding needed to satisfy alignment requirements is different:</p> <div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">pack</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'ci'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="sa">b</span><span class="s1">'*'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mh">0x12131415</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="go">b'*\x00\x00\x00\x12\x13\x14\x15'</span> <span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">pack</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'ic'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mh">0x12131415</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="sa">b</span><span class="s1">'*'</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="go">b'\x12\x13\x14\x15*'</span> <span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">calcsize</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'ci'</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="go">8</span> <span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">calcsize</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'ic'</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="go">5</span> </pre></div> </div> <p>The following format <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'llh0l'</span></code> specifies two pad bytes at the end, assuming longs are aligned on 4-byte boundaries:</p> <div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">pack</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'llh0l'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="go">b'\x00\x00\x00\x01\x00\x00\x00\x02\x00\x03\x00\x00'</span> </pre></div> </div> <p>This only works when native size and alignment are in effect; standard size and alignment does not enforce any alignment.</p> <div class="admonition seealso"> <p class="first admonition-title">See also</p> <dl class="last docutils"> <dt>Module <a class="reference internal" href="array.html#module-array" title="array: Space efficient arrays of uniformly typed numeric values."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">array</span></code></a></dt> <dd>Packed binary storage of homogeneous data.</dd> <dt>Module <a class="reference internal" href="xdrlib.html#module-xdrlib" title="xdrlib: Encoders and decoders for the External Data Representation (XDR)."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">xdrlib</span></code></a></dt> <dd>Packing and unpacking of XDR data.</dd> </dl> </div> </div> </div> <div class="section" id="classes"> <span id="struct-objects"></span><h2>7.1.3. Classes<a class="headerlink" href="#classes" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2> <p>The <a class="reference internal" href="#module-struct" title="struct: Interpret bytes as packed binary data."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">struct</span></code></a> module also defines the following type:</p> <dl class="class"> <dt id="struct.Struct"> <em class="property">class </em><code class="descclassname">struct.</code><code class="descname">Struct</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>format</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#struct.Struct" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Return a new Struct object which writes and reads binary data according to the format string <em>format</em>. Creating a Struct object once and calling its methods is more efficient than calling the <a class="reference internal" href="#module-struct" title="struct: Interpret bytes as packed binary data."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">struct</span></code></a> functions with the same format since the format string only needs to be compiled once.</p> <p>Compiled Struct objects support the following methods and attributes:</p> <dl class="method"> <dt id="struct.Struct.pack"> <code class="descname">pack</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>v1</em>, <em>v2</em>, <em>...</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#struct.Struct.pack" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Identical to the <a class="reference internal" href="#struct.pack" title="struct.pack"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">pack()</span></code></a> function, using the compiled format. (<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">len(result)</span></code> will equal <a class="reference internal" href="#struct.Struct.size" title="struct.Struct.size"><code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">size</span></code></a>.)</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="method"> <dt id="struct.Struct.pack_into"> <code class="descname">pack_into</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>buffer</em>, <em>offset</em>, <em>v1</em>, <em>v2</em>, <em>...</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#struct.Struct.pack_into" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Identical to the <a class="reference internal" href="#struct.pack_into" title="struct.pack_into"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">pack_into()</span></code></a> function, using the compiled format.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="method"> <dt id="struct.Struct.unpack"> <code class="descname">unpack</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>buffer</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#struct.Struct.unpack" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Identical to the <a class="reference internal" href="#struct.unpack" title="struct.unpack"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">unpack()</span></code></a> function, using the compiled format. The buffer’s size in bytes must equal <a class="reference internal" href="#struct.Struct.size" title="struct.Struct.size"><code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">size</span></code></a>.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="method"> <dt id="struct.Struct.unpack_from"> <code class="descname">unpack_from</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>buffer</em>, <em>offset=0</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#struct.Struct.unpack_from" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Identical to the <a class="reference internal" href="#struct.unpack_from" title="struct.unpack_from"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">unpack_from()</span></code></a> function, using the compiled format. The buffer’s size in bytes, minus <em>offset</em>, must be at least <a class="reference internal" href="#struct.Struct.size" title="struct.Struct.size"><code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">size</span></code></a>.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="method"> <dt id="struct.Struct.iter_unpack"> <code class="descname">iter_unpack</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>buffer</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#struct.Struct.iter_unpack" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Identical to the <a class="reference internal" href="#struct.iter_unpack" title="struct.iter_unpack"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">iter_unpack()</span></code></a> function, using the compiled format. The buffer’s size in bytes must be a multiple of <a class="reference internal" href="#struct.Struct.size" title="struct.Struct.size"><code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">size</span></code></a>.</p> <div class="versionadded"> <p><span class="versionmodified">New in version 3.4.</span></p> </div> </dd></dl> <dl class="attribute"> <dt id="struct.Struct.format"> <code class="descname">format</code><a class="headerlink" href="#struct.Struct.format" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>The format string used to construct this Struct object.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="attribute"> <dt id="struct.Struct.size"> <code class="descname">size</code><a class="headerlink" href="#struct.Struct.size" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>The calculated size of the struct (and hence of the bytes object produced by the <a class="reference internal" href="#struct.pack" title="struct.pack"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">pack()</span></code></a> method) corresponding to <a class="reference internal" href="functions.html#format" title="format"><code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">format</span></code></a>.</p> </dd></dl> </dd></dl> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="sphinxsidebar" role="navigation" aria-label="main navigation"> <div class="sphinxsidebarwrapper"> <h3><a href="../contents.html">Table Of Contents</a></h3> <ul> <li><a class="reference internal" href="#">7.1. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">struct</span></code> — Interpret bytes as packed binary data</a><ul> <li><a class="reference internal" href="#functions-and-exceptions">7.1.1. Functions and Exceptions</a></li> <li><a class="reference internal" href="#format-strings">7.1.2. Format Strings</a><ul> <li><a class="reference internal" href="#byte-order-size-and-alignment">7.1.2.1. Byte Order, Size, and Alignment</a></li> <li><a class="reference internal" href="#format-characters">7.1.2.2. Format Characters</a></li> <li><a class="reference internal" href="#examples">7.1.2.3. Examples</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a class="reference internal" href="#classes">7.1.3. Classes</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> <h4>Previous topic</h4> <p class="topless"><a href="binary.html" title="previous chapter">7. Binary Data Services</a></p> <h4>Next topic</h4> <p class="topless"><a href="codecs.html" title="next chapter">7.2. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">codecs</span></code> — Codec registry and base classes</a></p> <div role="note" aria-label="source link"> <h3>This Page</h3> <ul class="this-page-menu"> <li><a href="../bugs.html">Report a Bug</a></li> <li> <a href="https://github.com/python/cpython/blob/3.6/Doc/library/struct.rst" rel="nofollow">Show Source </a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="clearer"></div> </div> <div class="related" role="navigation" aria-label="related navigation"> <h3>Navigation</h3> <ul> <li class="right" style="margin-right: 10px"> <a href="../genindex.html" title="General Index" >index</a></li> <li class="right" > <a href="../py-modindex.html" title="Python Module Index" >modules</a> |</li> <li class="right" > <a href="codecs.html" title="7.2. codecs — Codec registry and base classes" >next</a> |</li> <li class="right" > <a href="binary.html" title="7. Binary Data Services" >previous</a> |</li> <li><img src="../_static/py.png" alt="" style="vertical-align: middle; margin-top: -1px"/></li> <li><a href="https://www.python.org/">Python</a> »</li> <li> <a href="../index.html">3.6.7 Documentation</a> » </li> <li class="nav-item nav-item-1"><a href="index.html" >The Python Standard Library</a> »</li> <li class="nav-item nav-item-2"><a href="binary.html" >7. Binary Data Services</a> »</li> <li class="right"> <div class="inline-search" style="display: none" role="search"> <form class="inline-search" action="../search.html" method="get"> <input placeholder="Quick search" type="text" name="q" /> <input type="submit" value="Go" /> <input type="hidden" name="check_keywords" value="yes" /> <input type="hidden" name="area" value="default" /> </form> </div> <script type="text/javascript">$('.inline-search').show(0);</script> | </li> </ul> </div> <div class="footer"> © <a href="../copyright.html">Copyright</a> 2001-2023, Python Software Foundation. <br /> The Python Software Foundation is a non-profit corporation. <a href="https://www.python.org/psf/donations/">Please donate.</a> <br /> Last updated on Dec 18, 2023. <a href="../bugs.html">Found a bug</a>? <br /> Created using <a href="http://sphinx.pocoo.org/">Sphinx</a> 1.7.6. </div> </body> </html>