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2to3.html
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__future__.html
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__main__.html
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abc.html
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aifc.html
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allos.html
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archiving.html
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argparse.html
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array.html
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ast.html
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asynchat.html
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asyncio-dev.html
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asyncio-eventloop.html
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asyncio-protocol.html
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asyncio-queue.html
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asyncio-stream.html
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asyncio-subprocess.html
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asyncio-sync.html
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asyncio-task.html
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asyncio.html
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asyncore.html
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atexit.html
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audioop.html
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base64.html
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bdb.html
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binary.html
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binascii.html
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bisect.html
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builtins.html
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bz2.html
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calendar.html
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cgi.html
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cgitb.html
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cmath.html
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cmd.html
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code.html
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codecs.html
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codeop.html
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collections.abc.html
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collections.html
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colorsys.html
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compileall.html
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concurrency.html
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concurrent.futures.html
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concurrent.html
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configparser.html
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constants.html
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contextlib.html
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copy.html
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crypt.html
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crypto.html
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csv.html
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ctypes.html
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curses.ascii.html
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datatypes.html
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datetime.html
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dbm.html
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debug.html
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development.html
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difflib.html
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dis.html
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distribution.html
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distutils.html
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doctest.html
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dummy_threading.html
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email.charset.html
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email.compat32-message.html
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email.contentmanager.html
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email.errors.html
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email.examples.html
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email.generator.html
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email.header.html
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email.headerregistry.html
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email.html
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email.iterators.html
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email.message.html
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email.mime.html
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email.parser.html
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email.policy.html
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email.util.html
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ensurepip.html
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enum.html
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errno.html
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exceptions.html
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faulthandler.html
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fcntl.html
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filecmp.html
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fileformats.html
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fileinput.html
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filesys.html
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fnmatch.html
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formatter.html
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fpectl.html
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fractions.html
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frameworks.html
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ftplib.html
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functional.html
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functions.html
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functools.html
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gc.html
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getopt.html
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getpass.html
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gettext.html
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glob.html
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grp.html
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gzip.html
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hashlib.html
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heapq.html
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hmac.html
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html.entities.html
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html.html
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html.parser.html
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i18n.html
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idle.html
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imp.html
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importlib.html
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index.html
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inspect.html
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keyword.html
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locale.html
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lzma.html
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macpath.html
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mailbox.html
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marshal.html
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math.html
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mimetypes.html
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misc.html
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modules.html
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<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"> <html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> <head> <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge" /> <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" /> <title>18.9. mmap — Memory-mapped file support — Python 3.6.7 documentation</title> <link rel="stylesheet" href="../_static/pydoctheme.css" type="text/css" /> <link rel="stylesheet" href="../_static/pygments.css" type="text/css" /> <script type="text/javascript" id="documentation_options" data-url_root="../" src="../_static/documentation_options.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/jquery.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/underscore.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/doctools.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/sidebar.js"></script> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" title="Search within Python 3.6.7 documentation" href="../_static/opensearch.xml"/> <link rel="author" title="About these documents" href="../about.html" /> <link rel="index" title="Index" href="../genindex.html" /> <link rel="search" title="Search" href="../search.html" /> <link rel="copyright" title="Copyright" href="../copyright.html" /> <link rel="next" title="19. Internet Data Handling" href="netdata.html" /> <link rel="prev" title="18.8. signal — Set handlers for asynchronous events" href="signal.html" /> <link rel="shortcut icon" type="image/png" href="../_static/py.png" /> <link rel="canonical" href="https://docs.python.org/3/library/mmap.html" /> <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/copybutton.js"></script> </head><body> <div class="related" role="navigation" aria-label="related navigation"> <h3>Navigation</h3> <ul> <li class="right" style="margin-right: 10px"> <a href="../genindex.html" title="General Index" accesskey="I">index</a></li> <li class="right" > <a href="../py-modindex.html" title="Python Module Index" >modules</a> |</li> <li class="right" > <a href="netdata.html" title="19. Internet Data Handling" accesskey="N">next</a> |</li> <li class="right" > <a href="signal.html" title="18.8. signal — Set handlers for asynchronous events" accesskey="P">previous</a> |</li> <li><img src="../_static/py.png" alt="" style="vertical-align: middle; margin-top: -1px"/></li> <li><a href="https://www.python.org/">Python</a> »</li> <li> <a href="../index.html">3.6.7 Documentation</a> » </li> <li class="nav-item nav-item-1"><a href="index.html" >The Python Standard Library</a> »</li> <li class="nav-item nav-item-2"><a href="ipc.html" accesskey="U">18. Interprocess Communication and Networking</a> »</li> <li class="right"> <div class="inline-search" style="display: none" role="search"> <form class="inline-search" action="../search.html" method="get"> <input placeholder="Quick search" type="text" name="q" /> <input type="submit" value="Go" /> <input type="hidden" name="check_keywords" value="yes" /> <input type="hidden" name="area" value="default" /> </form> </div> <script type="text/javascript">$('.inline-search').show(0);</script> | </li> </ul> </div> <div class="document"> <div class="documentwrapper"> <div class="bodywrapper"> <div class="body" role="main"> <div class="section" id="module-mmap"> <span id="mmap-memory-mapped-file-support"></span><h1>18.9. <a class="reference internal" href="#module-mmap" title="mmap: Interface to memory-mapped files for Unix and Windows."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">mmap</span></code></a> — Memory-mapped file support<a class="headerlink" href="#module-mmap" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1> <hr class="docutils" /> <p>Memory-mapped file objects behave like both <a class="reference internal" href="stdtypes.html#bytearray" title="bytearray"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">bytearray</span></code></a> and like <a class="reference internal" href="../glossary.html#term-file-object"><span class="xref std std-term">file objects</span></a>. You can use mmap objects in most places where <a class="reference internal" href="stdtypes.html#bytearray" title="bytearray"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">bytearray</span></code></a> are expected; for example, you can use the <a class="reference internal" href="re.html#module-re" title="re: Regular expression operations."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">re</span></code></a> module to search through a memory-mapped file. You can also change a single byte by doing <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">obj[index]</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">97</span></code>, or change a subsequence by assigning to a slice: <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">obj[i1:i2]</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">b'...'</span></code>. You can also read and write data starting at the current file position, and <code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">seek()</span></code> through the file to different positions.</p> <p>A memory-mapped file is created by the <a class="reference internal" href="#mmap.mmap" title="mmap.mmap"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">mmap</span></code></a> constructor, which is different on Unix and on Windows. In either case you must provide a file descriptor for a file opened for update. If you wish to map an existing Python file object, use its <code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">fileno()</span></code> method to obtain the correct value for the <em>fileno</em> parameter. Otherwise, you can open the file using the <a class="reference internal" href="os.html#os.open" title="os.open"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">os.open()</span></code></a> function, which returns a file descriptor directly (the file still needs to be closed when done).</p> <div class="admonition note"> <p class="first admonition-title">Note</p> <p class="last">If you want to create a memory-mapping for a writable, buffered file, you should <a class="reference internal" href="io.html#io.IOBase.flush" title="io.IOBase.flush"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">flush()</span></code></a> the file first. This is necessary to ensure that local modifications to the buffers are actually available to the mapping.</p> </div> <p>For both the Unix and Windows versions of the constructor, <em>access</em> may be specified as an optional keyword parameter. <em>access</em> accepts one of three values: <code class="xref py py-const docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ACCESS_READ</span></code>, <code class="xref py py-const docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ACCESS_WRITE</span></code>, or <code class="xref py py-const docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ACCESS_COPY</span></code> to specify read-only, write-through or copy-on-write memory respectively. <em>access</em> can be used on both Unix and Windows. If <em>access</em> is not specified, Windows mmap returns a write-through mapping. The initial memory values for all three access types are taken from the specified file. Assignment to an <code class="xref py py-const docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ACCESS_READ</span></code> memory map raises a <a class="reference internal" href="exceptions.html#TypeError" title="TypeError"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">TypeError</span></code></a> exception. Assignment to an <code class="xref py py-const docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ACCESS_WRITE</span></code> memory map affects both memory and the underlying file. Assignment to an <code class="xref py py-const docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ACCESS_COPY</span></code> memory map affects memory but does not update the underlying file.</p> <p>To map anonymous memory, -1 should be passed as the fileno along with the length.</p> <dl class="class"> <dt id="mmap.mmap"> <em class="property">class </em><code class="descclassname">mmap.</code><code class="descname">mmap</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>fileno</em>, <em>length</em>, <em>tagname=None</em>, <em>access=ACCESS_DEFAULT</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>offset</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#mmap.mmap" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p><strong>(Windows version)</strong> Maps <em>length</em> bytes from the file specified by the file handle <em>fileno</em>, and creates a mmap object. If <em>length</em> is larger than the current size of the file, the file is extended to contain <em>length</em> bytes. If <em>length</em> is <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">0</span></code>, the maximum length of the map is the current size of the file, except that if the file is empty Windows raises an exception (you cannot create an empty mapping on Windows).</p> <p><em>tagname</em>, if specified and not <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">None</span></code>, is a string giving a tag name for the mapping. Windows allows you to have many different mappings against the same file. If you specify the name of an existing tag, that tag is opened, otherwise a new tag of this name is created. If this parameter is omitted or <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">None</span></code>, the mapping is created without a name. Avoiding the use of the tag parameter will assist in keeping your code portable between Unix and Windows.</p> <p><em>offset</em> may be specified as a non-negative integer offset. mmap references will be relative to the offset from the beginning of the file. <em>offset</em> defaults to 0. <em>offset</em> must be a multiple of the ALLOCATIONGRANULARITY.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="class"> <dt> <em class="property">class </em><code class="descclassname">mmap.</code><code class="descname">mmap</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>fileno</em>, <em>length</em>, <em>flags=MAP_SHARED</em>, <em>prot=PROT_WRITE|PROT_READ</em>, <em>access=ACCESS_DEFAULT</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>offset</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span></dt> <dd><p><strong>(Unix version)</strong> Maps <em>length</em> bytes from the file specified by the file descriptor <em>fileno</em>, and returns a mmap object. If <em>length</em> is <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">0</span></code>, the maximum length of the map will be the current size of the file when <a class="reference internal" href="#mmap.mmap" title="mmap.mmap"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">mmap</span></code></a> is called.</p> <p><em>flags</em> specifies the nature of the mapping. <code class="xref py py-const docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">MAP_PRIVATE</span></code> creates a private copy-on-write mapping, so changes to the contents of the mmap object will be private to this process, and <code class="xref py py-const docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">MAP_SHARED</span></code> creates a mapping that’s shared with all other processes mapping the same areas of the file. The default value is <code class="xref py py-const docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">MAP_SHARED</span></code>.</p> <p><em>prot</em>, if specified, gives the desired memory protection; the two most useful values are <code class="xref py py-const docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PROT_READ</span></code> and <code class="xref py py-const docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PROT_WRITE</span></code>, to specify that the pages may be read or written. <em>prot</em> defaults to <code class="xref py py-const docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PROT_READ</span> <span class="pre">|</span> <span class="pre">PROT_WRITE</span></code>.</p> <p><em>access</em> may be specified in lieu of <em>flags</em> and <em>prot</em> as an optional keyword parameter. It is an error to specify both <em>flags</em>, <em>prot</em> and <em>access</em>. See the description of <em>access</em> above for information on how to use this parameter.</p> <p><em>offset</em> may be specified as a non-negative integer offset. mmap references will be relative to the offset from the beginning of the file. <em>offset</em> defaults to 0. <em>offset</em> must be a multiple of the PAGESIZE or ALLOCATIONGRANULARITY.</p> <p>To ensure validity of the created memory mapping the file specified by the descriptor <em>fileno</em> is internally automatically synchronized with physical backing store on Mac OS X and OpenVMS.</p> <p>This example shows a simple way of using <a class="reference internal" href="#mmap.mmap" title="mmap.mmap"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">mmap</span></code></a>:</p> <div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">mmap</span> <span class="c1"># write a simple example file</span> <span class="k">with</span> <span class="nb">open</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">"hello.txt"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s2">"wb"</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="n">f</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">f</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">write</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="sa">b</span><span class="s2">"Hello Python!</span><span class="se">\n</span><span class="s2">"</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">with</span> <span class="nb">open</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">"hello.txt"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s2">"r+b"</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="n">f</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="c1"># memory-map the file, size 0 means whole file</span> <span class="n">mm</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">mmap</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">mmap</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">f</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">fileno</span><span class="p">(),</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="c1"># read content via standard file methods</span> <span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">mm</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">readline</span><span class="p">())</span> <span class="c1"># prints b"Hello Python!\n"</span> <span class="c1"># read content via slice notation</span> <span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">mm</span><span class="p">[:</span><span class="mi">5</span><span class="p">])</span> <span class="c1"># prints b"Hello"</span> <span class="c1"># update content using slice notation;</span> <span class="c1"># note that new content must have same size</span> <span class="n">mm</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">6</span><span class="p">:]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="sa">b</span><span class="s2">" world!</span><span class="se">\n</span><span class="s2">"</span> <span class="c1"># ... and read again using standard file methods</span> <span class="n">mm</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">seek</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">mm</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">readline</span><span class="p">())</span> <span class="c1"># prints b"Hello world!\n"</span> <span class="c1"># close the map</span> <span class="n">mm</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">close</span><span class="p">()</span> </pre></div> </div> <p><a class="reference internal" href="#mmap.mmap" title="mmap.mmap"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">mmap</span></code></a> can also be used as a context manager in a <a class="reference internal" href="../reference/compound_stmts.html#with"><code class="xref std std-keyword docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">with</span></code></a> statement:</p> <div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">mmap</span> <span class="k">with</span> <span class="n">mmap</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">mmap</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">13</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="n">mm</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">mm</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">write</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="sa">b</span><span class="s2">"Hello world!"</span><span class="p">)</span> </pre></div> </div> <div class="versionadded"> <p><span class="versionmodified">New in version 3.2: </span>Context manager support.</p> </div> <p>The next example demonstrates how to create an anonymous map and exchange data between the parent and child processes:</p> <div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">mmap</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">os</span> <span class="n">mm</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">mmap</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">mmap</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">13</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="n">mm</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">write</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="sa">b</span><span class="s2">"Hello world!"</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="n">pid</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">os</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">fork</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">pid</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="c1"># In a child process</span> <span class="n">mm</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">seek</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">mm</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">readline</span><span class="p">())</span> <span class="n">mm</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">close</span><span class="p">()</span> </pre></div> </div> <p>Memory-mapped file objects support the following methods:</p> <dl class="method"> <dt id="mmap.mmap.close"> <code class="descname">close</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#mmap.mmap.close" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Closes the mmap. Subsequent calls to other methods of the object will result in a ValueError exception being raised. This will not close the open file.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="attribute"> <dt id="mmap.mmap.closed"> <code class="descname">closed</code><a class="headerlink" href="#mmap.mmap.closed" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">True</span></code> if the file is closed.</p> <div class="versionadded"> <p><span class="versionmodified">New in version 3.2.</span></p> </div> </dd></dl> <dl class="method"> <dt id="mmap.mmap.find"> <code class="descname">find</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>sub</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>start</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>end</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#mmap.mmap.find" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Returns the lowest index in the object where the subsequence <em>sub</em> is found, such that <em>sub</em> is contained in the range [<em>start</em>, <em>end</em>]. Optional arguments <em>start</em> and <em>end</em> are interpreted as in slice notation. Returns <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">-1</span></code> on failure.</p> <div class="versionchanged"> <p><span class="versionmodified">Changed in version 3.5: </span>Writable <a class="reference internal" href="../glossary.html#term-bytes-like-object"><span class="xref std std-term">bytes-like object</span></a> is now accepted.</p> </div> </dd></dl> <dl class="method"> <dt id="mmap.mmap.flush"> <code class="descname">flush</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="optional">[</span><em>offset</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>size</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#mmap.mmap.flush" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Flushes changes made to the in-memory copy of a file back to disk. Without use of this call there is no guarantee that changes are written back before the object is destroyed. If <em>offset</em> and <em>size</em> are specified, only changes to the given range of bytes will be flushed to disk; otherwise, the whole extent of the mapping is flushed.</p> <p><strong>(Windows version)</strong> A nonzero value returned indicates success; zero indicates failure.</p> <p><strong>(Unix version)</strong> A zero value is returned to indicate success. An exception is raised when the call failed.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="method"> <dt id="mmap.mmap.move"> <code class="descname">move</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>dest</em>, <em>src</em>, <em>count</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#mmap.mmap.move" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Copy the <em>count</em> bytes starting at offset <em>src</em> to the destination index <em>dest</em>. If the mmap was created with <code class="xref py py-const docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ACCESS_READ</span></code>, then calls to move will raise a <a class="reference internal" href="exceptions.html#TypeError" title="TypeError"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">TypeError</span></code></a> exception.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="method"> <dt id="mmap.mmap.read"> <code class="descname">read</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="optional">[</span><em>n</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#mmap.mmap.read" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Return a <a class="reference internal" href="stdtypes.html#bytes" title="bytes"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">bytes</span></code></a> containing up to <em>n</em> bytes starting from the current file position. If the argument is omitted, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">None</span></code> or negative, return all bytes from the current file position to the end of the mapping. The file position is updated to point after the bytes that were returned.</p> <div class="versionchanged"> <p><span class="versionmodified">Changed in version 3.3: </span>Argument can be omitted or <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">None</span></code>.</p> </div> </dd></dl> <dl class="method"> <dt id="mmap.mmap.read_byte"> <code class="descname">read_byte</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#mmap.mmap.read_byte" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Returns a byte at the current file position as an integer, and advances the file position by 1.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="method"> <dt id="mmap.mmap.readline"> <code class="descname">readline</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#mmap.mmap.readline" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Returns a single line, starting at the current file position and up to the next newline.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="method"> <dt id="mmap.mmap.resize"> <code class="descname">resize</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>newsize</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#mmap.mmap.resize" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Resizes the map and the underlying file, if any. If the mmap was created with <code class="xref py py-const docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ACCESS_READ</span></code> or <code class="xref py py-const docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ACCESS_COPY</span></code>, resizing the map will raise a <a class="reference internal" href="exceptions.html#TypeError" title="TypeError"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">TypeError</span></code></a> exception.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="method"> <dt id="mmap.mmap.rfind"> <code class="descname">rfind</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>sub</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>start</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>end</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#mmap.mmap.rfind" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Returns the highest index in the object where the subsequence <em>sub</em> is found, such that <em>sub</em> is contained in the range [<em>start</em>, <em>end</em>]. Optional arguments <em>start</em> and <em>end</em> are interpreted as in slice notation. Returns <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">-1</span></code> on failure.</p> <div class="versionchanged"> <p><span class="versionmodified">Changed in version 3.5: </span>Writable <a class="reference internal" href="../glossary.html#term-bytes-like-object"><span class="xref std std-term">bytes-like object</span></a> is now accepted.</p> </div> </dd></dl> <dl class="method"> <dt id="mmap.mmap.seek"> <code class="descname">seek</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>pos</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>whence</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#mmap.mmap.seek" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Set the file’s current position. <em>whence</em> argument is optional and defaults to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">os.SEEK_SET</span></code> or <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">0</span></code> (absolute file positioning); other values are <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">os.SEEK_CUR</span></code> or <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">1</span></code> (seek relative to the current position) and <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">os.SEEK_END</span></code> or <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">2</span></code> (seek relative to the file’s end).</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="method"> <dt id="mmap.mmap.size"> <code class="descname">size</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#mmap.mmap.size" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Return the length of the file, which can be larger than the size of the memory-mapped area.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="method"> <dt id="mmap.mmap.tell"> <code class="descname">tell</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#mmap.mmap.tell" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Returns the current position of the file pointer.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="method"> <dt id="mmap.mmap.write"> <code class="descname">write</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>bytes</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#mmap.mmap.write" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Write the bytes in <em>bytes</em> into memory at the current position of the file pointer and return the number of bytes written (never less than <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">len(bytes)</span></code>, since if the write fails, a <a class="reference internal" href="exceptions.html#ValueError" title="ValueError"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ValueError</span></code></a> will be raised). The file position is updated to point after the bytes that were written. If the mmap was created with <code class="xref py py-const docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ACCESS_READ</span></code>, then writing to it will raise a <a class="reference internal" href="exceptions.html#TypeError" title="TypeError"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">TypeError</span></code></a> exception.</p> <div class="versionchanged"> <p><span class="versionmodified">Changed in version 3.5: </span>Writable <a class="reference internal" href="../glossary.html#term-bytes-like-object"><span class="xref std std-term">bytes-like object</span></a> is now accepted.</p> </div> <div class="versionchanged"> <p><span class="versionmodified">Changed in version 3.6: </span>The number of bytes written is now returned.</p> </div> </dd></dl> <dl class="method"> <dt id="mmap.mmap.write_byte"> <code class="descname">write_byte</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>byte</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#mmap.mmap.write_byte" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Write the integer <em>byte</em> into memory at the current position of the file pointer; the file position is advanced by <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">1</span></code>. If the mmap was created with <code class="xref py py-const docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ACCESS_READ</span></code>, then writing to it will raise a <a class="reference internal" href="exceptions.html#TypeError" title="TypeError"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">TypeError</span></code></a> exception.</p> </dd></dl> </dd></dl> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="sphinxsidebar" role="navigation" aria-label="main navigation"> <div class="sphinxsidebarwrapper"> <h4>Previous topic</h4> <p class="topless"><a href="signal.html" title="previous chapter">18.8. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">signal</span></code> — Set handlers for asynchronous events</a></p> <h4>Next topic</h4> <p class="topless"><a href="netdata.html" title="next chapter">19. 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